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5SPACE: A Theory of five dimensional Mass


The DISCOVERY: 5SPACE: a 5th power mathematical distribution that maps to Elementary Particle Mass !


Abstract: The simple function (N/2)^5 for N=1 to 22, maps the Mass range of ALL known stable Particles ;
eg the Proton Mass is given by (9/2)^5 [1845.3 e masses or 943Mev ]; a half a percent fit based on
(2/2)^5 = 1 being the Electron mass. For N =22, the 'W' particle is a -2.4% fit.

This model's (3/2)^5 mass node is the foundation for an "Aether Node Theory",
based on 3.7 Mev Inverse Cherenkov radiation data.     

All in all, a Geo-packing/origin of mass, from a Simple Fifth Power Law!



 Table of Contents

1. Established fifth power relations in Physics

2. Scale and Volume Considerations

3. First six Indicies

4. Second six Indicies

5. Mapping the Muon and Pion

6. (N/2)^5 Mass table and conclusions

7. Discussion and Speculations

8. Appendix


Introduction

What is Mass and why does it have such an almost random range?

It seems that as modern physics acquires more knowledge and scope,
the nature of Mass and Energy appears more disjointed and contradictory.

For example, consider Quark theory; it needs several assumptions to accommodate its mass concepts.

Little fundamental insight has been added to Einstein's famous "E=mc^2" all these years later.

Now consider a few unresolved problems like Neutrino mass, dark matter, Charge, and Strangeness;
then factor in long standing concerns about decay life time scales and observed Parity violations.

What remains cannot even be labeled as a "Zoo" since that implies a set of common conditions;
particle mass is more like a group of scattered free roaming clans with limited commonality.

When the masses of the most stable particles are compared, a Common Mass Factor of 17.5 Mev's emerges.

Another particle mass factor of ~4 Mev is seen as steps in the Pi and Sigma families;
note its (3/2)^5 = 3.88 Mev nearness.



Matter, Energy and the Fifth Dimension


There are four major proven relations in Physics concerning a Fifth power law.

The First Fifth power Relationship

The first from Classical Physics is the fundamental law of energy radiation known as Wien's law.
It is based on wavelengths to the fifth power.
This means energy as photons is based on wavelengths to the fifth power!
Atomic and nuclear emitted energy has a proven fifth power basis; just as the 5SPACE formula has.

However when Wein's law form was used for the Rayleigh-Jeans spectral distribution of radiation;
it suffered from a false prediction of larger energy at ever smaller wavelengths.

Planck avoided this by showing that if energy was emitted in quanta, the observed data matched at all scales.
This formed the basis of Quantum Mechanics.

The Second Fifth power Relationship

Thermal radiation per time per area and its "Black Body" character
had been measured by Stefan (1879) to be directly proportional to the fourth power of Temperature.
Integration of the total indicates that energy has a Fifth power density.

The Third Fifth power Relationship

After Einstein failed in his attempt to unify Gravity with Electromagnetism,
Kaluza & Klein [K&K] proved that if space-time had a fifth dimension
in which charge was the angular momentum in that fifth dimension.
Gravity and Electromagnetism could indeed be unified in General Relativity.

So a Grand Unified Theory [ GUT] of Everything already exists;
even though it seems to be un-insightful answer in the Fifth dimension.

The Fourth Fifth power Relationship

Just as Wiens law established a fifth power relation at atomic scales,
astronomy uses a fifth power relation for stellar magnitudes.

The fifth root of one hundred is used as a stellar magnitude scale step of 2.512.

The above Four relations clearly establish that ALL spatial volumes have a fifth power nature!

This paper's new Fifth power Relationship: (N/2)^5

This text describes a new fifth power discovery that complements the first four,
and offers new insights into the K&K GUT [Grand Unified Theory].

The name "5SPACE" best captures the essence of this new fifth power relation,
and is based on the assumption that nuclear volume is unique and discrete as Planck's Constant implies.

This discreteness is seen in the fifth power mass node index,
representing how much "electron mass" capacity can that index volume hold?

eg. The Proton is the N=9 index node with 1845~ electron masses, from (9/2)^5 !

Also note THE square root of 5 as another fifth power, from an area or 2D perspective!


Table of Contents



Volume and Scale Considerations

Let a cubic centimeter [or cc = cm^3] be the standard volume unit.
On our human scale, this small sugar cube sized item seems small and ordinary.

What does Mercury's orbital volume of 8e23 cubic KM
and the nuclear volume have in common?

Both are equally distant from a standard cubic centimeter.
Imagine a cc as the mid zone between Nuclear and Planetary Orbit scales.
This means the volume of Mercury's orbit is as distant as the volume of a nucleus
when using a 'cc' reference volume.

Compare it at whatever precision imaginable.

Pause for a moment to consider how a planetary orbital volume makes any human scale volume
seem insignificant; whether its a cc or a cubic mile.

Can any basis of linearity be possible or even imaginable over these vast scale ranges?
Surely VOLUME at the Nuclear scale would be a thing onto itself.
Normal spatial concepts of our macro scale would seem not apply over such a scale distance.

Users of Nano technology are familiar with non-linear scale effects
that redefine our common macro sense of volume.
for example static electricity dominates for most surfaces and materials.

5space: Mass nodes at (N/2)^5


This theory asserts Particle MASS exists in a unique near-nuclear fifth dimensional region/volume,
titled: "5space ; Where the MASS of Elementary Particles reside/exist"; a Geo-origin of mass!

5space theory has four assumptions:
  1. Electron Mass of 0.511 Mev as the reference mass.
  2. Volume is obviously discrete as Planck's Constant implies!
  3. ~2860 Mev is the upper limit for the range of nucleon scale observed particle mass;
  4. The Z & W particles are the upper limits for particle masses .
     Official Mass values.

Predictions; If the "5space" theory/model is correct, then
Particle Mass mapped by (N/2)^5 function should be self-evident [QED],
and provide some new insights into mass.
Since particle mass is already considered "compacted",
any equation that encompasses most forms and the entire range of mass should be self evident .

Table of Contents


First six examples of the (N/2)^5 function

1: Electron at (2/2)^5 is one standard mass at 0.511 Mev

2: Proton at (9/2)^5 = 943 Mev; a -0.5% fit to the 938.3 Mev measured mass.

3: (8/2)^5 maps both to the Kaon's 493.7 Mev at -6% and Eta's 547.5 Mev at 4.4%
Note here from a Strangeness perspective, that the minus six percent of the kaon,
signals its strong missing mass energy potential that would account for its long lifetime.
Just as the plus 4.4% of the Eta signals its very short excited lifetime.

If (K + ETA)/2 mass is used , then its a -0.4% match.
noted in this text as K' for the pairing half value at 523 Mev.

4: Omega at (10/2)^5 = 1597 Mev; maps to its 1673 Mev with a 4.6% fit.
Again, note here how Omega's in an excited state compared to its 76 Mev smaller reference .

5: Nucleon Max at (11/2)^5 = 2600 Mev; a 10% fit to ~2860 Mev
  ~2860 Mev was the actual observed upper limit of the nucleon Particle scale.
An upper limit of nuclear geometry is seen in the 2600 to 2860 Mev range .

6: W = (22/2)^5 at -2.3% and Z = (22.5/2)^5 at -1.1% .
  For the largest recorded masses , the upper limit was the 'Z & W' at 92 & 82 Gev.
--------4th assumption satisfied as Particle mass maximum


First six (N/2)^5 zones

N____ 2___ 8___ 9___ 10__ 11__ 22__
ID e K' P Om MAX W
err% 0 -0.4 -0.5 4.6 10 -2.3


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The remaining six 5SPACE nodes

The remaining six 'N' values were separated into two groups;
a 5/2, 6/2 & 7/2 family group and 4/2, 3/2 & 1/2 singlet group.

Common Mass Factor at (4/2)^5

After re-studying all the Elementary Particle masses,
It was noted that node 4 is 7% near the particle Common Mass Factor CMF of 17.5 Mev;
suggesting an internal mass grouping; ie a mass UNIT of 32 e-masses; see the Appendix.

Since 5SPACE is a geometrical based theory,
it follows that the CMF is merely a local packing factor or geo-unit of volume.

Note that the Omega equals a Sigma plus a Kaon, in these strange UNITs;
as their masses total 96 UNITs from 68 + 28.

  eg. Muon is ~6 UNITs , Pion is ~8 UNITs and Proton is ~54 UNITs

Mass Node at (3/2)^5 matches the ICA limit.

The paper "Laser Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons
Using the Inverse Cherenkov Acceleration (ICA)"
1995 ICA at BNL illustrates how the 3.7 Mev ICA limit was reached.

Given that Cherenkov radiation results when light speed slows due to changes in medium,
it seems natural to link this to an Aether effect.

The Inverse Cherenkov Acceleration experiment could not go beyond the 3.7 Mev limit
even though their model predicted more.

This 3.88 Mev mass/energy zone is also the same scale as the energy difference in the Pion and Sigma families.

Neutrino scale Match found at ( 1/2 )^5

Consider the enigmatic (1/2)^5 value at e/32 masses or 16 Kev.
It is an excellent fit to the observed minimum Energy
of the anti-Neutrino(eN) measured in Tritium beta decay (0.1%)

What lies below this 16 Kev minimum?

Since 1/2 is the table's lowest index value,
5SPACE theory assumes a different energy class for the below ~16Kev range.

The Chemistry realm seems to be a fit for these lower energy scales.

Entire particle MASS/Energy range mapped , for N = 1 to 22.5


N____ 1___ 2___ 3___ 4___ 8___ 9___ 10__ 11__ 22__ 22.5
ID eN e ICA CMF K' P Om MAX W Z
err% 0.1 0 -4.8 7 -0.4 -0.5 4.6 10 -2.3 -1.1_


The (1/2)^5 to (22.5/2)^5 span maps the complete range
of Particle mass/energy, from a min of 16 Kev to max of 92 Gev.

Table of Contents

Mapping the Muon and Pion


The three index values of 5,6 & 7 were the most difficult to match;
as their 5th power values bracketed the muon and pion masses but were not close.

If the (N/2)^5 function is thought of in a zero to twelve range,
then six becomes the boundary between the upper and lower halves.
A symmetric parity, at N=6*2 or (6/2)^5 at 243 e masses, emerges.

Think of Particle mass having an upper and a lower region with NOTHING in between.

Recall that the muon and pion are 6~ & 8~ CMFs and that the CMF is 32 e masses from (4/2)^5 .

An ad-hoc rule for the "6" slot was then devised to split it into derived (5'=6-1) and (7'=6+1) slots
that replace the values (5/2)^5 & (7/2)^5 , using the CMF as a UNIT of 32 e masses

The Muon then is 211; "( 6/2 )^5=243 minus the UNIT of 32 ".
And the Pion is 275; " ( 6/2 )^5=243 plus a UNIT of 32 ", both in e masses.

-------the new table mid range

5' Muon is 211 electron masses; (Mu = 243 - 32); -2.1% from 206.77
6     Table empty mid zone at (6/2)^5 at 243 e masses or ~7 CMFs.
7' Pion is 275 electron masses (Pi = 243 + 32); -0.7% from 273.2


Table of Contents

---------------Putting all of them together in a Table

Particle Mass Table from (N/2)^5

INDEX 5SPACE TABLE (N/2)^5
N Name ____ e masses * .511 Mev error Value______ Notes__________
22.5 Z 180203 92.08 Gev -1.1% 91.18 Gev Particle Mass Limit
22 W 161051 82.3 Gev -2.4% 80.4 Gev
11+ Exotic Matter Zone
11 MAX 5033 2600 Mev +10% ~2860 Mev Nucleon Scale Limit
10 Omega 3124 1597 Mev +4.6% 1673 Mev Strange
9 Proton 1845.3 943 Mev -0.5% 938.3 Mev
8 K' 1024 523 Mev -0.4% 520.6 Mev K'=(Kaon+Eta)/2
7' Pion 275 140.52 Mev -0.7% 139.6 Mev 243+32=275
6 Empty 243 124 Mev _ Table mid-zone
5' Muon 211 107.82 Mev -2.1% 105.66 Mev 243-32=211
4 CMF 32 16.4 Mev +7% 17.5 Mev Nuclear Common Mass Factor
3 ICA Limit 7.6 3.88 Mev -4.8% 3.7 Mev Inverse Cherenkov Acceleration Limit
2 Electron 1 .511 Mev 0 .511 Mev Table reference Mass
1 eN 1/32 16 Kev 0.1% ~17 Kev Tritium Neutrino Minimum





CONCLUSIONS

The Fifth Dimensional nature of MASS and Energy is conclusively revealed by this "N/2 to the fifth power" law;
it maps the entire range of Mass from 16 Kev to 92 Gev.

Each node maps a significant stable particle family identity; QED.

When the electron mass is used as a standard density for MASS,
this fifth power law proves that each of the N/2 nodes approximates that same density
as evidenced by the stable particle mass family therein.

This theory answers the question of the Proton to electron mass ratio quite elegantly
and provides insight into particle families over the entire range from 'e' to 'W'.

Noted also, is the negative sign of most table error values, suggesting "a missing mass" factor,
not unlike that found in nuclear mass deficits to reflect a binding energy componet.

Also noted was that Quarks, Gluons, Strings, and the Higgs field were not evident or needed
to explain the order of particle mass.

-------- All assumptions are satisfied! --------Mass's Fifth power identity is firmly established.
The model's data proves that space is indeed Five Dimensional at the particle scale.

Table of Contents

DISCUSSION

Particle Mass is still a mystery, but seeing it geometrically as fifth power nodes,
seems like the place to start unraveling its properties and structures!

What does it all mean? Aside from it being a highly improbable coincidence,
this N/2 formula indicates that the fifth dimension is fundamental to Mass;
just as the Klauza-Klein fifth dimension work did to Einstein's GR Physics.

Giving every particle a fifth power index in the N/2 form, reveals mass steps and zone families.
eg. the 10/2 zone had Omega and Tau, the 8/2 zone has the Eta and Kaon.

One way to think of the indices is that they are represent volume zones where energy collects as a solid Mass.
The 16 Kev Neutrino minimum value would represent the smallest zone
and illustrates that more energy can condense above it.

These 5th power mass nodes also help illustrate the three phases of Energy,
based on mass being the solid form of energy.
and photons as energy's quasi-gas like nature.

The CMF might represent energy related to a common geometrical / liquid packing factor of some form;
which is much simpler than Quark or String theory forms.

SPECULATIONS

Can it all be so simple ? "D5 as Mass/energy, D4 as TIME, D3 as Volume, D2 as Area and D1 as Length" !
Why not ; is not the simplest answer usually best?

And it also gives a mass/energy minimum of 16 Kev for the electron Neutrino;
thus providing competing theorems with a lower absolute cut-off value for its mass!
These "(N/2)^5" insights should allow Aether , Neutrino and Dark matter theorems to be fine tuned by their authors.

Another interesting area is the Cerenkov radiation 3.88 Mev spectrum; which is quite close to the (3/2)^5 node.

My analysis of the (3/2)^5 node revealed resonances at 121 Kev and 134 Kev;
which match the values found from the decay of Cobalt-57 to Iron-57
in the original experiments of Mossbauer spectroscopy.

Given these resonances, The (3/2)^5 mass node can be the foundation for an "Aether Node Theory";
that is based on the 3.7 Mev Cherenkov radiation being the value for an Aether node mass.

Another insight of 134 Kev comes from PHOTO-NUCLEAR data

Two areas of physics still remain obscure; the fundamentals of Anti-matter and Charge.

Electric CHARGE and its geometry at these nuclear scales, is the biggest mystery of them all.
Magnetism seems so easy to understand comparatively; given its "action-on-demand" nature.

Comments are welcome.
Table of Contents


APPENDIX

Appendix CMF ; "Common Mass Factor".
The Statistics of Mass; its common denominator as 17.5 Mev

Name Muon Pion Kaon Proton Sigma Omega
Mev 105.66 139.57 493.7 938.27 1189.4 1673
/17.5Mev 6~ 8~ 28~ 54~ 68~ 96~


Table of Contents

LINKS & References


Observation of inverse Cherenkov acceleration at the BNL accelerator test facility
W. D. Kimura, G. H. Kim, R. D. Romea, L. C. Steinhauer, I. Pogorelsky, K. P. Kusche, R. C. Fernow, Xijie Wang, and Y. Liu,
AIP Conf. Proc. 335, 131 (1995), DOI:10.1063/1.48236

Official Mass values.


1995 ICA paper at BNL

134 Kev from PHOTO-NUCLEAR data

author: RD O'Meara Oak Park, IL.

Email of Author: 'RDo.meara@mister-computer.net'

This WEB page address: "http://mister-computer.net/5space/5space.htm"

Primes3D: A Construction Proof of Prime Numbers having a cubic Nature.

JID's SLOPE: The Universal Slope of Volume,
both Mathematically and Physically   AKA, the Rydberg constant of 1.0973~!

Short proof of Fermat's FLT: A proof based on power sequences infinite transcendental Logs.

Monopole Aether Theory: A Classical model of the Aether based on paired monopoles.

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